The following productions were elicited from a child to observe production of the /s/ phoneme: "soap" → [s̪op], "lacy" → [leti], "moose" → [mus]. These productions were scored as 2 errors and 1 correct response, using which method of scoring?

• A. Two‐way scoring
• B. Standardized scoring
• C. IPA scoring
• D. SODA scoring

Answer: (A)

Two-way scoring is about marking each attempt as simply correct or incorrect for the target sound, ignoring how exactly the sound is articulated.

Here, the target phoneme is /s/ in each elicited word. The child produced /s/ in the first word (as [s̪op]); even though the s is slightly dentalized, the target phoneme is present at the correct position, so it counts as correct. The other two productions do not begin with /s/ at all, so they count as incorrect. Therefore, you have one correct response and two errors, which is exactly what two-way scoring captures.

If you were using SODA, you would categorize the errors as substitutions, omissions, distortions, or additions. Standardized scoring would involve comparing to normative data, and IPA scoring would focus on the precise articulatory details rather than a simple correct/incorrect tally.